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2 Execution site(s)
Lev P., born in 1929: “One day we were grazing cows in the forest with my friends. Suddenly we heard screams and bursts coming from about 150-200 meters. Then we saw the column of Jewish men going to that place. They were escorted by Germans with German shepherds. As we learned later, the women and children were the first to be killed and then the men. Another day I saw the column of women, elderly people and children. They were brought to the hill. The execution lasted the entire day. The villagers said that only two people managed to escape.” (Witness n°939, interviewed in Smolevichi, on August 5, 2017)
“[…] On the Gorodishche (Koplitsa) hill, 2 km south of Smolevichi, we have found four mass graves in which, in the period from August 19 to October 4, 1942, German-fascist invaders shot and buried 4,100 people, including 3,300 Jews and 800 prisoners of war and other civilians.
During the German occupation the entire Jewish population of the town was gathered in a place called the “ghetto” which was surrounded with barbed wire. Their belongings, clothes, food and furniture were confiscated by the German authorities. For about a month, the German-Fascist occupiers mistreated the Jews by making them sleep outdoors and depriving them of food. Many Jews were shot in the ghetto.
On August 28, 1941, 1400 Jews: the elderly, women with children, and adolescents, were driven in columns out of the ghetto, under the pretext of resettlement to another place. […] The Jews were brought to Gorodishche hill where the pit had been dug in advance. On the spot, they were stripped down until their underwear, taken inside the pit and shot with automatic weapons. A large number of children were thrown inside the pit and buried alive.
In the autumn of the same year 1941, on the Gorodishche hill, 1,000 Jews and 106 prisoners of war were shot in the same way. [...] In 1944, the German-Fascist invaders opened the pits on the Gorodishche hill and burned the bodies in order to erase the traces of their crimes. [...]” [Act drawn up on September 25, 1944 by the State Extraordinary Commission (ChGK); RG 22.002M: 7021-87-14]
“[...] We arrived on the Market Square and saw between twenty to thirty Jews with shovels and hooks. As usually S. had previously ordered the village chief to set up this working group. This group of men left the village, turned to the left, and arrived at a forest; we followed them with our vehicles. [...] When the Jews arrived in the forest they had to dig a pit. Once the pit was dug, they were shot. I suppose they were killed with sub-machine guns. The Jews could not have known that they would be shot; otherwise they would not have come.
One of the following days we went back to Smolevichi. [...] When we arrived, most of the Jews were already at the square, watched over by the Wehrmacht. The Wehrmacht, the OD and our men took the Jews out of the village. Most of them were women and children. There must have been several hundred people. The execution site was located on a hill. From my post at the square I could not see [...] the pit. I don’t know who conducted the shooting. It is possible that the Wehrmacht fired too. The victims in the square could hear the shots but could not see the execution. [...] [Deposition of EK8 member, Willy K., drawn up in Cologne on Mars 1, 1963. B162-3291]
Smolevichi is located 37 km north-east of Minsk. The first records about the local Jewish community date back to the late 17th century. In 1897 1,927 Jews lived in the town making up 64% of the total population. The Jewish elementary school was opened in 1920 and by 1926 it was attended by 250 children. In the 1930s two Jewish kolkhozes operated in the town. At this time the majority of Jews worked in kolkhoz, factories or lived off small-scale trade and handicrafts. A local Jewish council was active in Smolevichi during the Soviet period. There was a Jewish cemetery and synagogue in the town. In 1939 1,385 Jews lived in the town, comprising 21% of the total population.
Smolevichi was occupied by the German forces on June 26, 1941. Shortly after the occupation all the Jews were marked with yellow Stars of David and confined to the ghetto surrounded with barbed wire. They lived in conditions of terrible overcrowding, a lot of people died of hunger, diseases and torture. Young Jews able to work were required to perform heavy labor. According to the historical sources and testimonies of the local villagers, interviewed by Yahad team, several executions took place in Smolevichi. During the first Aktion carried out on or July 28, 1941, between 150-200 Jewish men were selected and taken away under the pretext of being taken to forced labor. They were shot in a barn, located in the fields east of Smolevichi. On August 28, 1941, during the liquidation of the ghetto about 3,300 Jews were put into a column and taken 2 km out of city to the sand quarries, to a place called Gorodische-Kapitsa hill. Once there they were forced to undress and were shot in a pit dug in advance. The Aktion was carried out by Einsatzkomando 8 and Wehrmacht. The remaining 250 Jews were shot in the same way in mid-September 1941. Witnesses also revealed several isolated executions by shooting and hanging; the victims were not only Jews, but also the partisans and locals who helped the Jews. Before retreating, in 1944, the Germans opened the mass graves and burned the remains trying to hide the traces of the mass crime, known as Aktion 1005.
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